Prediction of the impact induced by Cd in binary interactions with other divalent metals on wild-type and Cd-resistant strains of Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides

Author Contribution AACT investigation, formal analysis, data curation, software, writing and original draft preparation, methodology, and visualization. SSF conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, methodology, software, validation, resources, supervision, writing, review, editing, and project administration. ASF software, formal analysis, and methodology. MEGP software, supervision, and data curation. LCG validation, data curation, and supervision. MCB conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, writing, reviewing, editing, supervision, and project administration. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The metals present in freshwater have a toxic profile with bioaccumulation and are biomagnified along the aquatic food chain. The metals induce high sensitivity in most aquatic organisms, while others, such as some microalgae species, evolve towards resistance. Therefore, this research predicted through the Combination Index method the binary interaction exposed to divalent metals by inhibiting population growth in a Cd-resistant strain (DcRCd100) compared to the wild-type strain (Dc1Mwt) of Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides and evaluate the specific resistance level obtained by DcRCd100 to Cd relative to other divalent metals.The results showed that DcRCd100 presents resistance compared to Dc1Mwt in individual exposure in the order of Fe2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Co2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Hg2+ with 50% inhibitory concentration at 72 h of exposure (IC50(72)) values 1253, 644.4, 423, 162.7, 141.3, 35.1, and 9.9 µM, respectively. It induces cross-resistance with high antagonistic rates (Combination Index (CI); CI > > 1) in the Cd/Zn and Cd/Cu. Cd/Ni, its initial response, is antagonistic, and it ends in an additive (CI = 1). DcRCd100 showed a lower resistance in Co, and Cd/Fe resistance was reduced individually. The interaction with Hg increased its resistance ten times more than individually.This research highlights the use of the CI as a highly efficient prediction method of the binary metal interactions in wild-type and Cd-resistant strains of D. chlorelloides. It may have the potential for metal accumulation, allowing the development of new methods of bioremediation of metals in effluents, and to monitor the concentration of metals in wastewater, its relative availability, transport, and mechanisms on resistant strains of microalgae.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
Mexican National Council for Science and Technology CONACYT (No. 770719)
Sección Deptal. de Farmacología y Toxicología (Veterinaria)
Fac. de Veterinaria
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