Age, geographical and socio-economic related inequalities in contraceptive prevalence: evidence from the 1993-2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Contraceptives afford individuals the opportunity to meet their reproductive needs and reduce maternal mortality. We aimed at assessing the trend and inequalities of contraceptive use in Ghana based on the 1993-2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys. METHODS: We used the World Health Organization's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software in analysing the data. We adopted two approaches for the analysis. First, we disaggregated inequalities in contraceptive use using four equity stratifiers: wealth index, education, residence, and region. Second, summary measures (D), (PAR), (R), and (PAF) were also employed. A 95% uncertainty interval (UI) was constructed for point estimates to measure statistical significance. RESULTS: Contraceptive prevalence increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 26.7% in 2014. The contraceptive prevalence among women aged 20-49 increased from 20.6% [95% UI = 19.1, 22.3] in 1993 to 26.8% [95% UI = 24.9, 28.9] in 2014 and this exceeded the increase that was recorded among those aged 15-19 (from 13% [95 UI = 8.7, 19] to 18% [95% UI = 11.5, 28.6]), in the same period. It was evident that substantial inequality existed with respect to contraceptive use, from 1993 to 2014, with widest inequality occurring in 2003 (PAF = 2.7, 95% UI = -16.6-21.9; D = 17.4, 95% UI = 12.7-22.1). In terms of wealth index, the least inequality was observed in 2014 (PAR = 1.3, 95% UI = -1-3.6; D = 5.9, 95% UI = -0.1-12). Regarding education, the widest inequality occurred in 1993 (PAF = 138.6, UI = 132.1-145.1; D = 40.1, 95% UI = 34.4-45.9). With place of residence, the widest gap in inequality occurred in 1993 (PAF = 51.2, 95% UI = 46.2-56.3; D = 15.3, 95% UI = 11.8-18.7). There was inequality in contraceptive use with respect to sub-national regions. In 2014, the Difference (D = 21, 95% UI = 14.6-27.4) and the PAF (PAF = 20.9, 95% UI = 11.2 - 30.5) measures revealed substantial absolute and relative regional inequality between the regions. CONCLUSION: The