In vivo rumen microbial degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymers

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolyesters which are synthesised and stored in the cell cytoplasm as waterinsoluble inclusions by various microorganisms (Anderson et al. 1990). PHA biopolymers, are water insoluble, stable at a variety of pH and have been shown to be degraded and used as nutrients by soil bacteria and fungi (Megaert et al. 1993), making them ideal candidates as novel delivery systems to provide controlled slow release of included compounds into the rumen of cattle. To understand the biodegradation characteristics of PHA within the rumen environment, a 122-day animal trial was undertaken in a repeated-measures, randomised-block design with three fistulated animals used to determine between animal variations. Two replicate sets of PHA biopolymer samples were placed in the rumen of each animal allowing measurement of within animal variation (Animal Ethics Committee approval SA 2020/03/737). Extruded ‘solid’ cylinders or 3D printed ‘porous’ cylinders were prepared from PHA biopolymer using a two-step process; dry mixing followed by melt compounding and extrusion using a co-rotating twin screw extruder with a diameter of 16 mm for the solid cylinder. To enable 3D printing, the PHA, it was first extruded as a 1.6 mm filament which was used in a 3D printer. The biopolymer pieces were dried, weighed and placed into numbered nylon bags secured with nylon fishing line. These bags, containing the allocated sets of biopolymer pieces, were placed into two nylon mesh bags per animal, inserted into the rumen of each animal via the rumen cannula and secured with a nylon rope. The nylon mesh bags were withdrawn via the cannula on days 30, 62, 92 and 122, and the specific numbered bags of biopolymer pieces assigned for removal at each timepoint removed. The biopolymer pieces were recovered, rinsed with reverse osmosis water and dried. Percentage weight loss, and analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeat