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State of the Climate in 2016
Authors :
Arndt, D. S. Blunden, J. Dunn, R. J. H. Aaron-morrison, Arlene P. Abdallah, A. Ackerman, Steven A. Adler, Robert Alfaro, Eric J. Allan, Richard P. Allan, Rob Alvarez, Luis A. Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arce, Dayana Argueez, Anthony Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Augustine, John Awatif, E. M. Azorin-molina, Cesar Baez, Julian Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Beck, H. E. Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. H. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, Maria L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Biskaborn, B. Bissolli, Peter Bjerke, J. Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Brimelow, Julian Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Buehler, S. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderon, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Caroff, P. Carrea, Laura Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Chandler, Elise Cheng, Ming-dean Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, Daniel Chung, E. -s. Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. S. Coldewey-egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Cross, J. N. Crouch, Jake Cutie, Virgen Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Di Girolamo, Larry Diamond, Howard J. Dindyal, S. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Drozdov, D. S. Dunn, Robert J. H. Duran-quesada, Ana M. Dutton, Geoff S. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Epstein, H. E. Espinoza, Jhan C. Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fateh, S. Fausto, R. S. Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flannigan, Mike Flemming, Johannes Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Fonseca, C. Forbes, B. C. Foster, Michael J. Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Gerland, S. Gilson, John Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Goni, Gustavo Gonzalez, Idelmis T. Goto, A. Greenhough, Marianna D. Grooss, J. -u. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Gupta, S. K. Gutierrez, J. M. Haas, C. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hanssen-bauer, I Hare, Jon Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heim, Richard R., Jr. Hendricks, S. Hernandez, Marieta Hernandez, Rafael Hidalgo, Hugo G. Ho, Shu-peng Hobbs, William R. Huang, Boyin Huelsing, Hannah K. Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jimenez, C. Jin Xiangze John, Viju Johns, William E. Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Johnson, Kenneth S. Jones, Philip D. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, J. W. Kass, David Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Kelem, G. Keller, Linda M. Kelly, B. P. Kendon, Mike Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. -j. Kimberlain, Todd B. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kochtubajda, Bob Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Krumpen, T. Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lanckmann, J. -p. Lander, Mark A. Landschuetzer, Peter Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lantz, Kathleen Lazzara, Matthew A. Leuliette, Eric Lewis, Stephen R. L'Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I-i Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Long, Craig S. Loranty, M. Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lu, Mong-ming Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing-jia Luojus, K. Lyman, John M. Macara, Gregor Macdonald, Alison M. Macias-fauria, M. Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, Jose A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martinez-gueingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. Mathis, Jeremy T. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, Gerard Mccarthy, M. Mcdonagh, Elaine L. Mcgree, Simon Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Mekonnen, A. Menezes, V. V. Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Minnis, Patrick Miralles, Diego G. Mistelbauer, T. Mitchum, Gary T. Mitro, Srkani Monselesan, Didier Montzka, Stephen A. Mora, Natalie Morice, Colin Morrow, Blair Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Muehle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Mueller, R. Nash, Eric R. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Louise Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan Jose Noetzli, Jeannette O'Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Parinussa, Robert M. Park, E-hyung Pasch, Richard J. Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Pearce, Petra R. Pellichero, Violaine Pelto, Mauri S. Peng, Liang Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, C. Phillips, David Phoenix, G. Pinty, Bernard Pitts, Michael C. Pons, M. R. Porter, Avalon O. Quintana, Juan Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Rajeevan, Madhavan Rayner, Darren Raynolds, M. K. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Read, Peter Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Remy, Samuel Renwick, James A. Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter-menge, J. Rimmer, Alon Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Rollenbeck, Ruetger Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Roquet, F. Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sallee, Jean-bapiste Sanchez-lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sarmiento, Jorge L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schemm, Jae Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schoeneich, P. Schreck, Carl J., Iii Schuur, Ted Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Sharp, M. Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Shimaraeva, Svetlana V. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Silov, Eugene Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeed, David A. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Adam Smith, Sharon L. Soden, B. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, Jose L. Stennett-brown, Roxann Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, Dimitri A. Sun-mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Tamar, Gerard Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Thoman, R. L. Thompson, L. Thompson, Philip R. Timmermans, M. -l. Timofeev, Maxim A. Tirnanes, Joaquin A. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Tweedy, Olga Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vieira, G. Vincent, Lucie A. Voemel, Holger Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Wahlin, Anna Walker, D. A. Walsh, J. Wang, Bin Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng-hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wiese, David N. Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Willie, Shem Willis, Josh K. Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yim, So-young Yin, Xungang Yu, Lisan Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Huai-min Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhao, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Zilberman, Nathalie Arndt, D. S. Blunden, J. Dunn, R. J. H. Aaron-morrison, Arlene P. Abdallah, A. Ackerman, Steven A. Adler, Robert Alfaro, Eric J. Allan, Richard P. Allan, Rob Alvarez, Luis A. Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arce, Dayana Argueez, Anthony Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Augustine, John Awatif, E. M. Azorin-molina, Cesar Baez, Julian Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Beck, H. E. Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. H. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, Maria L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Biskaborn, B. Bissolli, Peter Bjerke, J. Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Brimelow, Julian Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Buehler, S. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderon, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Caroff, P. Carrea, Laura Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Chandler, Elise Cheng, Ming-dean Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, Daniel Chung, E. -s. Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. S. Coldewey-egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Cross, J. N. Crouch, Jake Cutie, Virgen Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Di Girolamo, Larry Diamond, Howard J. Dindyal, S. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Drozdov, D. S. Dunn, Robert J. H. Duran-quesada, Ana M. Dutton, Geoff S. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Epstein, H. E. Espinoza, Jhan C. Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fateh, S. Fausto, R. S. Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flannigan, Mike Flemming, Johannes Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Fonseca, C. Forbes, B. C. Foster, Michael J. Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Gerland, S. Gilson, John Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Goni, Gustavo Gonzalez, Idelmis T. Goto, A. Greenhough, Marianna D. Grooss, J. -u. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Gupta, S. K. Gutierrez, J. M. Haas, C. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hanssen-bauer, I Hare, Jon Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heim, Richard R., Jr. Hendricks, S. Hernandez, Marieta Hernandez, Rafael Hidalgo, Hugo G. Ho, Shu-peng Hobbs, William R. Huang, Boyin Huelsing, Hannah K. Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jimenez, C. Jin Xiangze John, Viju Johns, William E. Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Johnson, Kenneth S. Jones, Philip D. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, J. W. Kass, David Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Kelem, G. Keller, Linda M. Kelly, B. P. Kendon, Mike Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. -j. Kimberlain, Todd B. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kochtubajda, Bob Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Krumpen, T. Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lanckmann, J. -p. Lander, Mark A. Landschuetzer, Peter Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lantz, Kathleen Lazzara, Matthew A. Leuliette, Eric Lewis, Stephen R. L'Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I-i Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Long, Craig S. Loranty, M. Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lu, Mong-ming Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing-jia Luojus, K. Lyman, John M. Macara, Gregor Macdonald, Alison M. Macias-fauria, M. Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, Jose A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martinez-gueingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. Mathis, Jeremy T. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, Gerard Mccarthy, M. Mcdonagh, Elaine L. Mcgree, Simon Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Mekonnen, A. Menezes, V. V. Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Minnis, Patrick Miralles, Diego G. Mistelbauer, T. Mitchum, Gary T. Mitro, Srkani Monselesan, Didier Montzka, Stephen A. Mora, Natalie Morice, Colin Morrow, Blair Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Muehle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Mueller, R. Nash, Eric R. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Louise Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan Jose Noetzli, Jeannette O'Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Parinussa, Robert M. Park, E-hyung Pasch, Richard J. Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Pearce, Petra R. Pellichero, Violaine Pelto, Mauri S. Peng, Liang Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, C. Phillips, David Phoenix, G. Pinty, Bernard Pitts, Michael C. Pons, M. R. Porter, Avalon O. Quintana, Juan Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Rajeevan, Madhavan Rayner, Darren Raynolds, M. K. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Read, Peter Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Remy, Samuel Renwick, James A. Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter-menge, J. Rimmer, Alon Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Rollenbeck, Ruetger Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Roquet, F. Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sallee, Jean-bapiste Sanchez-lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sarmiento, Jorge L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schemm, Jae Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schoeneich, P. Schreck, Carl J., Iii Schuur, Ted Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Sharp, M. Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Shimaraeva, Svetlana V. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Silov, Eugene Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeed, David A. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Adam Smith, Sharon L. Soden, B. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, Jose L. Stennett-brown, Roxann Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, Dimitri A. Sun-mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Tamar, Gerard Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Thoman, R. L. Thompson, L. Thompson, Philip R. Timmermans, M. -l. Timofeev, Maxim A. Tirnanes, Joaquin A. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Tweedy, Olga Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vieira, G. Vincent, Lucie A. Voemel, Holger Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Wahlin, Anna Walker, D. A. Walsh, J. Wang, Bin Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng-hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wiese, David N. Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Willie, Shem Willis, Josh K. Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yim, So-young Yin, Xungang Yu, Lisan Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Huai-min Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhao, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Zilberman, Nathalie
Source :
Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society (0003-0007) (Amer Meteorological Soc), 2017-08 , Vol. 98 , N. 8 , P. S1-S277
Publication Year :
2017
Abstract
In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 av
Details
Database :
OAIster
Journal :
Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society (0003-0007) (Amer Meteorological Soc), 2017-08 , Vol. 98 , N. 8 , P. S1-S277
Notes :
application/pdf, English
Publication Type :
Electronic Resource
Accession number :
edsoai.on1409522121
Document Type :
Electronic Resource
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1175.2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1