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The European carbon balance. Part 4: integration of carbon and other trace-gas fluxes

Authors :
Schulze, E.-D.
Ciais, P.
Luyssaert, S.
Schrumpf, M.
Janssens, I.
Thiruchittampalam, B.
Theloke, J.
Saurat, M.
Bringezu, S.
Lelieveld, J.
Lohila, A.
Rebmann, Corinna
Jung, M.
Bastviken, D.
Abril, G.
Grassi, G.
Leip, A.
Freibauer, A.
Kutsch, W.
Don, A.
Nieschulze, J.
Börner, A.
Gasch, J.H.
Dolman, A.J.
Schulze, E.-D.
Ciais, P.
Luyssaert, S.
Schrumpf, M.
Janssens, I.
Thiruchittampalam, B.
Theloke, J.
Saurat, M.
Bringezu, S.
Lelieveld, J.
Lohila, A.
Rebmann, Corinna
Jung, M.
Bastviken, D.
Abril, G.
Grassi, G.
Leip, A.
Freibauer, A.
Kutsch, W.
Don, A.
Nieschulze, J.
Börner, A.
Gasch, J.H.
Dolman, A.J.
Source :
ISSN: 1354-1013
Publication Year :
2010

Abstract

Overviewing the European carbon (C), greenhouse gas (GHG), and non-GHG fluxes, gross primary productivity (GPP) is about 9.3 Pg yr−1, and fossil fuel imports are 1.6 Pg yr−1. GPP is about 1.25% of solar radiation, containing about 360 × 1018 J energy – five times the energy content of annual fossil fuel use. Net primary production (NPP) is 50%, terrestrial net biome productivity, NBP, 3%, and the net GHG balance, NGB, 0.3% of GPP. Human harvest uses 20% of NPP or 10% of GPP, or alternatively 1‰ of solar radiation after accounting for the inherent cost of agriculture and forestry, for production of pesticides and fertilizer, the return of organic fertilizer, and for the C equivalent cost of GHG emissions. C equivalents are defined on a global warming potential with a 100-year time horizon. The equivalent of about 2.4% of the mineral fertilizer input is emitted as N2O. Agricultural emissions to the atmosphere are about 40% of total methane, 60% of total NO-N, 70% of total N2O-N, and 95% of total NH3-N emissions of Europe. European soils are a net C sink (114 Tg yr−1), but considering the emissions of GHGs, soils are a source of about 26 Tg CO2 C-equivalent yr−1. Forest, grassland and sediment C sinks are offset by GHG emissions from croplands, peatlands and inland waters. Non-GHGs (NH3, NOx) interact significantly with the GHG and the C cycle through ammonium nitrate aerosols and dry deposition. Wet deposition of nitrogen (N) supports about 50% of forest timber growth. Land use change is regionally important. The absolute flux values total about 50 Tg C yr−1. Nevertheless, for the European trace-gas balance, land-use intensity is more important than land-use change. This study shows that emissions of GHGs and non-GHGs significantly distort the C cycle and eliminate apparent C sinks.

Details

Database :
OAIster
Journal :
ISSN: 1354-1013
Notes :
ISSN: 1354-1013, Global Change Biology 16 (5);; 1451 - 1469, English
Publication Type :
Electronic Resource
Accession number :
edsoai.on1406001930
Document Type :
Electronic Resource