Past, Present and Future of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Spain

In Spain in the old times municipal solid waste (MSW), which includes predominantly nonhazardous domestic waste, was practically non existent and predominantly biodegradable. Therefore, it was not a problem for society nor did it require special attention. However, since the development of the economy and the subsequent increase of the standard of living, the amount of MSW has grown continuously, by 40% between 1996 and 2003 (Spanish Ministry of Environment). Also, the composition of the waste has changed from being predominantly organic to containing an important amount of non-biodegradable materials, mainly packaging (26%. Source: Spanish Ministry of Environment). As a result, MSW has become an important environmental issue in Spain and a source of social concern. This complex situation makes MSW management a challenge for at least the near future. The purposes of this paper are to describe the present situation of Spanish MSW management and its evolution during the last 15 years, and then, to suggest some possible measures to improve the situation. Regarding the present situation, it is clear that management has not been effective. Most of the goals set in the 2000-2006 National MSW Plan have not been reached. The main failures have been the inability to discourage the creation of waste (the first step, according to the law itself) and also the misuse of the organic portion of MSW due to an inefficient composting. In addition, the data provided by the government and other organizations are not all based on the same criteria. Information is incomplete and usually its publication is delayed by several years. These facts complicate having a clear view of the situation and, therefore, its management. Several measures are suggested against these issues, but especial focus is set on how citizen’s behaviour can be changed in a more ecological direction. In answering this question, environmental education is considered one important tool.