Metals concentration in muscle tissue of fish from different fish ponds

Fish is an important part of the human diet, but also a good indicator of environmental contamination by a number of substances, including trace metals in freshwater systems, notably because fish are at the top of the food chain in the water ecosystem (Noël et al., 2013). Much attention has been paid to hazardous elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) and the effects of exposure to these elements have been comprehensively studied (Castro-González and Méndez-Armenta, 2008; Has-Schön et al., 2008). Indeed, due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in water and sediment, when occurring in high concentrations, these elements become severe poisonous for all living organisms. In terms of public health food safety, Pb, Cd and Hg, are monitored in fish with maximum levels of heavy metals in foodstuffs fixed by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/ 2006 (EC, 2006) amended by EC 629/2008 (EC, 2008). For As, no maximum level has yet been established at European level, but discussions are ongoing on this topic and it is anticipated that limits will be set for arsenic in the near future, as the methodology for the determination of arsenic and its speciation improves (Noël et al., 2013). Although many studies have examined the relationship between metal exposure, accumulation and toxicity under laboratory conditions, prediction of toxic effects based on environmental or tissue concentrations remains difficult under natural exposure conditions (Visnjic-Jeftic et al., 2010; Skorić et al., 2012). Data from the literature indicate that the contents of these elements in fish varied as a function of the different localities, but depended on species and feeding behaviour and also, by various biotic and abiotic factors (Has-Schön et al., 2006; Noël et al., 2013). This study was undertaken to determine the contamination data of Pb, Cd, Hg and As in the muscle of two fish species (common carp-Cyprinus carpio and Northern pike- Esox lucius) from
Riba predstavlja važan deo ljudske ishrane, a takođe, riba je dobar pokazatelj kontaminacije životne sredine od strane jednog broja supstanci, uključujući i tragove metala u slatkovodnim sistemima, posebno zbog toga što se ribe, kao tercijelni potrošači, nalaze na vrhu lanca ishrane u vodenom ekosistemu (Noël i sar., 2013). Mnogo pažnje posvećeno je elementima kao što su olovo (Pb), kadmijum (Cd), Živa (Hg) i Arsen (As) i efekti izloženosti ovim elementima su sveobuhvatno istraženi (Castro-González and Méndez-Armenta, 2008; Has-Schön et al., 2008). Zbog svoje toksičnosti, otpornosti i bioakumulacije u vodi i sedimentima, kada se nalaze u visokim koncentracijama, ovi elementi predstavljaju opasnost za sve žive organizme. U pogledu bezbednosti javnog zdravlja, kod riba, prate se koncentracije olova, kadmijuma i žive, gde postoje jasno definisani maksimalni nivoi teških metala u namirnicama koji su određeni od strane Evropske Komisije, br. 1881/2006 (EC, 2006), izmenjena i dopunjena EC 629/2008 (EC, 2008). Za arsen, maksimalni nivo još nije uspostavljen na evropskom nivou, ali se očekuje da će granične vrednosti za arsen biti postavljene u bliskoj budućnosti, kao i metode za određivanje arsena (Noël et al., 2013). Za utvrđivanje koncentracije teških metala u tkivu riba prikupljeno je deset uzoraka dve različite vrste riba - šarana (Cyprinus carpio) i evropske ili severne štuke (Esox lucius). Uzorci su ulovljeni od strane profesionalnih ribara tokom rane jeseni 2013. godine iz četiri različita ribnjaka na području Beograda. Dobijeni rezultati su izraženi kao srednja vrednost ± standardna devijacija. Statistička analiza je urađena je korišćenjem Studentovog t-testa i analizom varijanse (ANOVA) sa višestrukim poređenjem Turkey test za utvrđivanje značajnih razlika između srednjih vrednosti. Primenjen je nivo značajnosti od 0.01 i 0.05. U različitim ribnjacima, koncentracija metala u mišićnom tkivu šarana je varirala u zavisnosti od vrste metala. Između sva četiri poređena