Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Reforming of Biomass

Previous chapters introduce the solar energy conversion via inorganic media, e.g. H2O2, CO2, and N2, etc. (Chapters 9–13). Biomass is a renewable resource that can be used to produce fuels and value-added chemicals. Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) reforming of biomass are newly emerging approaches, which can be conducted in relatively mild conditions. This chapter firstly highlights the recent works related to the photocatalytic conversion of processed and native lignin, carbohydrates, native lignocellulose, glycerides and glycerol to hydrogen, and value-added chemicals, under visible light or UVA light irradiations. For these photocatalytic processes, the strategies to treat lignin, carbohydrates, native lignocellulose, and glycerol are then concluded, including the efficient photocatalysts used and selectivity for valuable products. Afterward, the state-of-the-art accomplishments are also reviewed on the PEC reforming of biomass to electricity, hydrogen, and biomass-derived molecules such as glycerol, alcohols, as well as converting 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to corresponding valuable chemicals. For these PEC reforming processes, the recent developments on photoelectrodes and different types of PEC cells are finally highlighted.