Cosmic Rays: Recent Progress and some Current Questions

Recent progress suggests we are moving towards a quantitative understanding of the whole cosmic ray spectrum, and that many bumps due to different components and processes hide beneath a relatively smooth total flux between knee and ankle. The knee is much better understood: the KASCADE observations support a rather sharp rigidity cut-off; while theoretical developments (strong magnetic field generation) indicate that supernova remnants (SNR) of different types should indeed accelerate to a very similar rigidity. X-ray and TeV observations of shell-type SNR produce evidence in favour of acceleration at their outer boundaries. There is some still-disputed evidence that the transition to extragalactic cosmic rays has already occurred just above 10**17 eV, unmarked by an "ankle", in which case the whole spectrum can be well described by adding a single power-law source spectrum from many extragalactic sources (but modified by energy losses) to the SNR pre-knee component, if the sources photodisintegrate all nuclei. At the highest energy, the experiments using fluorscence light to calibrate energy do not yet show any conflict with an expected GZK "termination". GRBs seem not to make a significant contribution.
Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, Based on invited talk in "Cosmology, Galaxy Formation and Astroparticle Physics on the pathway to the SKA", Oxford, April 2006 Version 2: section 6 (relevance of GRBs) added in response to questions; $ minor clarifications