A systematic literature review of Blockchain application in maritime supply chain: the TOE framework

Maritime and shipping industry is under rising to improve operational efficiency and inter-organisational collaboration to increase their competitiveness. Supply chain integration (SCI) in maritime and shipping industry has become a predominant strategy to improve efficiency and cost reduction (Panayides and Song 2009). Blockchain technology (BCT), also known as distributed ledger technology, has been identified as a promising solution to enable maritime supply chain (MSC) integration and improve efficiencies. BCT is a shared, distributed electronic ledger with characteristics such as immutability by encryption, transparency, openness, security, and real-time update in data management (Scott et al. 2017). The technology is considered to have the potential to address a number of issues facing MSC, i.e., the issues of trust, product traceability, process optimisation, and coordination and communication in maritime communication (Jović et al. 2019). This paper provides a systematic review of blockchain adoption in maritime and shipping industry and its relationship to MSCI, especially container transport, by identifying adoptions factors.