Bacterial ring rot of potato caused by Clavibacter sepedonicus: A successful example of defeating the enemy under international regulations

Background: Bacterial ring rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by the gram- positive coryneform bacterium Clavibacter sepedonicus is an important quarantine dis-ease threatening the potato industry around the globe. Since its original description in 1906 in Germany, management of ring rot has been a major problem due to the seed-borne nature (via seed tubers not true seeds) of the pathogen allowing the bacterium to be transmitted long distances via infected tubers.Disease symptoms: On growing potato plants: interveinal chlorosis on leaflets leading to necrotic areas and systemic wilt. On infected tubers: vascular tissues become yel-lowish brown with a cheesy texture due to bacterial colonization and decay.Host range: Potato is the main host of the pathogen, but natural infection also occurs on eggplant, tomato, and sugar beet.Taxonomic status of the pathogen: Class: Actinobacteria; Order: Actinomycetales; Family: Microbacteriaceae; Genus: Clavibacter; Species: Clavibacter sepedonicus(Spieckermann and Kotthoff 1914) Li et al. 2018.Synonyms (nonpreferred scientific names): Aplanobacter sepedonicus; Bacterium sepe-donicum; Corynebacterium sepedonicum; Corynebacterium michiganense pv. sepedoni-cum; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.Microbiological properties: Gram- positive, club-shaped cells with creamy to yellowish-cream colonies for which the optimal growth temperature is 20–23°C.Distribution: Asia (China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, South Korea, Uzbekistan, the Asian part of Russia), Europe (Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, European part of Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine), and North America (Canada, Mexico, USA).Phytosanitary categorization: CORBSE: EPPO A2 list no. 51. EU; Annex designation I/A2.