Outcomes of synchronous systemic and central nervous system (CNS) involvement of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are dictated by the CNS disease: a collaborative study of the Australasian Lymphoma Alliance

De novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) presenting with synchronous central nervous system (CNS) and systemic disease (synDLBCL) is not well described and is excluded from clinical trials. We performed a retrospective analysis of 80 synDLBCL patients treated across 10 Australian and UK centres. Of these patients, 96% had extranodal systemic disease. CNS-directed treatment with combination intravenous cytarabine and high-dose methotrexate ("CNS-intensive") (n = 38) was associated with favourable survival outcomes compared with "CNS-conservative" strategies such as intravenous high-dose methotrexate monotherapy, intrathecal therapy and/or radiotherapy (2-year progression-free survival [PFS] 50% vs. 31%, P = 0·006; 2-year overall survival [OS] 54% vs. 44%, P = 0·037). Outcomes were primarily dictated by the ability to control the CNS disease, with 2-year cumulative CNS relapse incidence of 42% and non-CNS relapse 21%. Two-year OS for CNS-relapse patients was 13% vs. 36% for non-CNS relapses (P = 0·02). Autologous stem cell transplantation as consolidation (n = 14) was not observed to improve survival in those patients who received CNS-intensive induction when matched for induction outcomes (2-year PFS 69% vs. 56%, P = 0·99; 2-year OS 66% vs. 56%, P = 0·98). Hyperfractionated or infusional systemic treatment did not improve survival compared to R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) (2-year OS 49% for both groups). Our study suggests that adequate control of the CNS disease is paramount and is best achieved by intensive CNS-directed induction.