Socio-economic Determinants of Mangrove Exploitation and Management in the Pangani River Estuary, Tanzania

Mangrove forests in Tanzania are gazetted as state forest reserves, implying that exploitation is controlled by the state. However, their continued degradation and loss is largely associated to the inadequate enforcement of management measures against uncontrolled extractive exploitation to support local livelihoods. Local management institutions are therefore advocated to enhance mangrove conservation. This study explored socioeconomic determinants of exploitation patterns and management of mangroves in the Pangani River Estuary, using two coastal communities (Bweni and Pangani Magharibi) as case study sites. Data were collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household questionnaires, and field observations. Quantitative data were analyzed for both descriptive and statistical inferences, while qualitative information was subjected to content analysis. Residence time of household, household main occupation, household size, and cost of alternatives to mangroves as a source of domestic fuel were all factors positively associated with mangrove resource use. The two communities differed in their perceptions on the role of local institutions in management of mangroves. Over half of respondents (56%) in Bweni agreed that interventions by Beach Management Units (BMUs) enhanced mangrove conditions, whereas only about 16% of the respondents in Pangani Magharibi had similar perceptions. Overall, 55% of the respondents were not impressed with the performance of government institutions in implementing conservation measures for sustainable use of mangroves. Exploration and promotion of feasible alternative livelihood activities and improved stakeholders’ collaborative arrangements are recommended for sustainable exploitation and management of mangroves in the study area.