Chapter 5: Air

Concentrations of CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) continue to increase, driven mainly by people consuming fossil fuels to satisfy ever-increasing demands for energy (well established). Given the current concentrations of GHGs and their lifetime in the atmosphere, significant changes in climate and sea levels are unavoidable, with widespread consequences for people and the environment (well established). There is robust evidence that climate change and increased climate variability worsen existing poverty, exacerbate inequalities and trigger new vulnerabilities. However, even greater changes are expected in the future if action is not taken soon to halt GHG emissions.