Challenge 1: Sustained & integrated ocean observation

Sustained and integrated ocean observations are vital to establish the ocean state and variability, to understand the ocean’s role in climate change. We revise the international frame of ocean observation and the main scientific and societal questions that require multidisciplinary data at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, and from the nearshore to the open ocean. We present the observing challenges for 2030, CSIC leadership and capacities to achieve them