Heterogeneous hydrocarbon seepage at Mictlan asphalt knoll of the southern Gulf of Mexico

Highlights • Extensive asphalt deposits and asphalt volcanism at Mictlan Knoll in the southern Gulf of Mexico. • A novel type of active hydrocarbon seepage system in the southern GoM. • High-resolution seafloor mapping and seafloor manifestation of heterogeneous hydrocarbon seepage system. • Mapping, quantification and monitoring of gas emission sites in the southern GoM. • Mictlan Knoll hosts the most extensive asphalt deposits known to date in the GoM. Abstract Hydrocarbon seepage plays an essential role in defining seafloor morphology and increasing habitat heterogeneity in the deep sea whereby asphalt volcanism ranks among the most complex and proliferous hydrocarbon discharge systems that have been described to date. In this study, seepage of hydrocarbon gas and oil as well as asphalt deposits were investigated at Mictlan Knoll in the southern Gulf of Mexico. A multi-disciplinary approach was used including hydroacoustic surveys and visual seafloor observations to study the seafloor manifestations of hydrocarbon seepage. Mictlan Knoll is an asphalt volcano characterized by a crater-like depression surrounded by an elevated rim. Asphalt deposits are widespread in the depression where a large area of extensive asphalt deposits correlates with a high backscatter area (~75,000 m2). Numerous asphalt deposits appear relatively fresh and probably extruded recently, as oil bubbles were seen to emanate locally within areas covered by extensive asphalt deposits. An area of more irregular seafloor morphology occurring in the northern part of the depression is interpreted to be related to the active extrusion of asphalt below or within older surficial deposits. Additionally, 25 hydroacoustic anomalies indicative for gas bubble emissions were detected. Gas volume quantifications conducted during seafloor inspections with a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) at a single gas escape site situated above a gas hydrate outcrop revealed up to 0.1 × 106 mol CH4/yr. Gas emission at thi