Interleukin-37.

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IL-37 was formerly termed IL-1 family member 7. The cytokine was discovered by in silico research of human databases. Although there are no genes in the databases with an open reading frame for a murine homologue for IL-37, human IL-37 is functional in the mouse. Like others members of the IL-1 family, IL-37 lacks a signal peptide. The precursor form of IL-37 has a caspase-1 site, but the role of caspase-1 in the processing and secretion of IL-37 has not been documented with certainty. IL-37 is similar to IL-1alpha and IL-33, in that the cytokine is found in the nucleus where, like IL-1alpha and IL-33, functions in transcription. Translocation of IL-37 to the nucleus likely involves SMAD3, which is a component of the TGFbeta anti-inflammatory signaling pathway. Also similar to IL-1alpha and IL-33, with loss of membrane integrity upon cell death, the IL-37 precursor exits from the cell where it binds to the IL-18 receptor alpha chain. However, this binding results in reduced inflammation. Without a murine form of IL-37, deletion studies were carried out with specific siRNA. In human monocytes deficient in IL-37, LPS and IL-1beta induced cytokines increased 2-3 fold, suggesting that endogenous IL-37 serves as a break on inflammation. Indeed, in mice expressing human IL-37, inflammation is reduced in models of LPS shock, chemical colitis, cardiac ischemia and contact dermatitis.