Efikasnost zeolita i apatita u mobilnosti teških metala u zemljištima i biljkama

Rezime: Poznavanja mobilnosti teških metala Pb, Cd, Zn i radionuklida U predstvalja jedan od ciljeva zaštite, uređenja i racionalnog korišćenja poljoprivrednog zemljišta sa aspekta proizvodnje zadravstveno bezbedne hrane. Cilj istraživanja disertacije je proučavanje efikasnosti prirodnih mineralnih sirovina na bazi zeolita i apatita sa domaćih nalazišta u mobilnosti teških metala i radionuklida u zemljištima različitih fizičko- hemijskih karakteristika (pseudoglej i černozem) koristeći test kulture slačicu (Sinapis Alba L.) i suncokret (Hellianthus annuus L.). Afinitet, efikasnost, mehanizmi adsorpcije zeolita i precipitacije apatita utvrđeni su u sistemu kolona sa konstantnim pritiskom, pri različitim pH vrednostima (5.00, 7.00) osnovnog kontaminiranog rastvora (Pb, Cd, Zn, U) 300 mg l -1 u vremenskim intervalima 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minuta. U svim varijantama došlo je do značajnih promena pH vrednosti filtrata. Najviše promene pH vrednosti filtrata, minimalna kolebanja u vremenskom intervalu, pri pH=5.00, zabeležili su osnovni rastvori Pb (7.69-7.87) i U (7.77-7.93) kroz kolonu sa apatitom i nešto nižim promenama za Cd i Zn. Promene pH vrednosti osnovnih kontaminiranih rastvora, pH =5.00, zabeležene su i nakon propuštanja kroz kolone sa zeolitom ali znatno manjeg intenziteta sa trendom promena U>Pb>Cd>Zn. Trend promena između apatita i zeolita nastupile su i kod osnovnog kontaminiranog rastvora pH =7.00. Zeolit i apatit procesima adsorpcije/precipitacije uspešno su imobilisali Pb, pri pH vrednosti osnovnog rastvora 5.00 i 7.00. U kolonama apatit je bolje imobilisao U, zeolit je bolji za imobilizaciju Cd, dok su za Zn pokazali veoma sličan afinitet. Zeolit i apatit dodati u količini od 20 g kg-1 zemljišta smanjuju sadržaj vodnorastvorljivih i lakopristupačnih oblika Pb, Cd i Zn u nekontaminiranom i kontaminiranom zemljištu. Kontaminacija pseudogleja i černozema sa Pb i U je negativno uticala na morfofiziološke osobine suncokreta, dok je uticaj za Cd i Zn zavisio od
SUMMARY: Knowledge of the mobility of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn and radionuclides U represents one of the goals of protection, regulation and rational use of agricultural soils from the aspect of production of safe food. The aim of the research thesis is the study of the efficiency of natural mineral materials based on zeolite and apatite from domestic deposits in the mobility of heavy metals and radionuclides in the soils of the different physicochemical characteristics (pseudogley and chernozem) using a test culture mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and sunflower (Hellianthus annuus L.). Affinity, efficiency, zeolite adsorption mechanisms and apatite adsorption precipitation were determined in a constant-pressure column system at 300 mg l-1 for different pH values (5.00, 7.00) of the basic contaminated solution (Pb, Cd, Zn, U) at time intervals 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes. In all variants, significant changes in the pH of the filtrate occurred. The most significant changes in the pH of the filtrate, minimal fluctuations in the time interval, at pH = 5.00, recorded the basic solutions of Pb (7.69-7.87) and U (7.77-7.93) through the column with apatite and somewhat lower changes for Cd and Zn. Changes in the pH of the basic contaminated solutions, pH=5.00, were also recorded after leaking through the zeolite columns but with significantly lower intensity with the trend of changes U> Pb> Cd> Zn. The trend of changes between apatite and zeolite also occurred in the basic contaminated solution pH=7.00. Zeolite and apatite adsorption/precipitation processes successfully immobilized Pb at pH of the basic solution 5.00 and 7.00. In colonies, apatite better immobilized U, zeolite is better for immobilisation of Cd, while for Zn, they showed a very similar affinity. Zeolite and apatite are added in an amount of 20 g kg-1 soil to reduce the content of watersoluble and easily accessible forms of Pb, Cd and Zn in uncontaminated and contaminated soil. Contamination of pseudogley and che