Introducing hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic live donor nephrectomy : Learning curves and development based on 413 consecutive cases in four centers

Background: Hand-assisted and retroperitoneoscopic techniques reduce the risk of bleeding and intra-abdominal complications in live donor nephrectomy (LDN). This study reports on our four-centre experience, development and learning curves from the first 413 LDN using a hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic technique (HARS). Methods: The first 413 consecutive donors operated on using HARS were included in the study. Donor demographics, peri- and postoperative data, complications, and recipient outcomes have been compiled. The data was analysed as a whole and separately for each centre, looking at centre differences and learning curves over time. Results: Significant differences were found in donor demographics between centres for the variables: age, BMI, number of arteries, and side of operation. Mean operating time was 170.2 minutes, with significant differences between centres. Operating time was also significantly influenced by learning curves, Sex/BMI, and side of operation. Warm ischemia time differed significantly between centres and was influenced by centre-wise learning and number of arteries. Overall conversion rate was 2.4% and differed significantly between centres. There was no mortality and no intra-abdominal complications. Apart from the conversions and one pulmonary embolism, there were no major intra- or postoperative complications. Overall 3-month graft survival was 99%, with 96% immediate onset of function and 1% ureteral complications. Conclusions: The HARS technique reduces the risk of intra-abdominal complications. It can be implemented with excellent donor and recipient outcomes despite different population demographics and centre/surgeon-related tradition and experience. Based on our experience, we recommend the technique in order to increase the safety margin of LDN.