Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels predict damage accrual in patients with recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has potential as a prognosis and severity biomarker in several inflammatory and infectious diseases. In a previous cross-sectional study, suPAR levels were shown to reflect damage accrual in cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, we evaluated suPAR as a predictor of future organ damage in recent-onset SLE. Methods Included were 344 patients from the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Inception Cohort who met the 1997 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria with 5-years of follow-up data available. Baseline sera from patients and age- and sex-matched controls were assayed for suPAR. Organ damage was assessed annually using the SLICC/ACR damage index (SDI). Results The levels of suPAR were higher in patients who accrued damage, particularly those with SDI≥2 at 5 years (N = 32, 46.8% increase, p = 0.004), as compared to patients without damage. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant impact of suPAR on SDI outcome (SDI≥2; OR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.03–1.26), also after adjustment for confounding factors. In an optimized logistic regression to predict damage, suPAR persisted as a predictor, together with baseline disease activity (SLEDAI-2K), age, and non-Caucasian ethnicity (model AUC = 0.77). Dissecting SDI into organ systems revealed higher suPAR levels in patients who developed musculoskeletal damage (SDI≥1; p = 0.007). Conclusion Prognostic biomarkers identify patients who are at risk of acquiring early damage and therefore need careful observation and targeted treatment strategies. Overall, suPAR constitutes an interesting biomarker for patient stratification and for identifying SLE patients who are at risk of acquiring organ damage during the first 5 years of disease.
Funding Agencies|Swedish Rheumatism Association; Region Ostergotland (ALF Grants); King Gustaf Vs 80-year Anniversary Foundation; King Gustaf V and Queen Victorias Freemasons Foundation; Versus ArthritisVersus Arthritis; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research CentreNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR); NIHR/Welcome Trust Manchester Clinical Research Facility; Lupus UK; Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/Wellcome Trust Birmingham Clinical Research Facility; NIHUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [8UL1TR000150]; National Research Foundation of KoreaNational Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2017M3A9B4050335]