Carbon and gold electrodes as electrochemical transducers for DNA hybridisation sensors

Genosensor technology relying on the use of carbon and gold electrodes is reviewed. The key steps of each analytical procedure, namely DNA-probe immobilisation, hybridisation, labelling and electrochemical investigation of the surface, are discussed in detail with separate sections devoted to label-free and newly emerging magnetic assays. Special emphasis has been given to protocols that have been used with real DNA samples. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.