Multilocal resistance assessment against common bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Bunt is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat, in Europe and Northern America mainly caused by Tilletia caries and T.controversa, in the warmer climates of the Near East by T.foetida. The generally obligate biotrophic pathogen is trans-mitted by contaminated seeds or can ersist in the soil. Infection occurs at the very first moments after germination of the grain. Once penetrated into the plant, the fungus grows endophytically, remaining undetected until early maturity stages when grains are replaced by spores. Besides yield losses, the malodorant spores contaminate the grains impairing their use as seeds or as food, thereby leading to serious economic losses. Usually the disease is controlled by the use of seed dressings and the use of certified seeds. For organic farming, however, re-sistance of wheat varieties to bunt s crucial as seed treatments with chemical pesticides are not allowed and several proposed alternatives, e.g. treatments with bacteria, hot water, vaccum-steam, steam-ultrasound or electrons, are expensive and lack efficiency. Major and some minor genes conferring resistance to Tilletia infections are described, however, the performance and stability and, therefore, usefulness of these resistances are under debate. Common bunt resistance is based on Flors’ gene for gene principle with an effector of the pathogen and a resistance gene in the host plants, able to detect the effector and to unleash the appropriate resistance mechanisms. To officiently use this type of resistance, it is important to characterize the effectors in the pathogen population as well as to monitor the presence and the efficacy of the resistance genes. While many of this information is available at local and regional level, only little is known at an interregional or even continental dimension. In order to obtain a better overview on the efficacy of resistance genes and the presence and distribution of pathogen races, the European Tilletia ringtest (ETR) was established