A novel pain assessment tool incorporating automated facial analysis: interrater reliability in advanced dementia

Mustafa Atee,1 Kreshnik Hoti,1,2 Richard Parsons,1 Jeffery D Hughes1 1School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; 2Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Prishtina, Kosovo Objectives: Regardless of its severity, dementia does not negate the experience of pain. Rather, dementia hinders self-reporting mechanisms in affected individuals because they lose the ability to do so. The primary aim of this study was to examine the interrater reliability of the electronic Pain Assessment Tool (ePAT) among raters when assessing pain in residents with moderate-to-severe dementia. Secondly, it sought to examine the relationship between total instrument scores and facial scores, as determined by automated facial expression analysis. Study design: A 2-week observational study. Setting: An accredited, high-care, and dementia-specific residential aged care facility in Perth, Western Australia. Participants: Subjects were 10 residents (age range: 63.1–84.4 years old) predominantly with severe dementia (Dementia Severity Rating Scale score: 46.3±8.4) rated for pain by 11 aged care staff. Raters (female: 82%; mean age: 44.1±12.6 years) consisted of one clinical nurse, four registered nurses, five enrolled nurses, and one care worker. Measurements: ePAT measured pain using automated detection of facial action codes and recordings of pain behaviors. Results: A total of 76 assessments (rest =38 [n=19 pairs], movement =38 [n=19 pairs]) were conducted. At rest, raters’ agreement was excellent on overall total scores (coefficient of concordance =0.92 [95% CI: 0.85–0.96]) and broad category scores (κ=1.0). Agreement was moderate (κ=0.59) on categorical scores upon movement, while it was exact in 68.4% of the cases. Agreement in actual pain category scores gave κw=0.72 (95% CI: 0.58&nda