Ultrasound for diagnosing acute salpingitis: a prospective observational diagnostic study.

STUDY QUESTION: What are the diagnostic benefits of using ultrasound in patients with a clinical suspicion of acute salpingitis and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? SUMMARY ANSWER: In patients with a clinical suspicion of acute salpingitis, the absence of bilateral adnexal masses at ultrasound decreases the odds of mild-to-severe acute salpingitis about five times, while the presence of bilateral adnexal masses increases the odds about five times. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: PID is difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are often subtle and mild. The diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings, and these are unspecific. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound with regard to salpingitis have been reported in one study (n = 30) of appropriate design, where most patients had severe salpingitis (i.e. pyosalpinx) or tubo-ovarian abscess. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This diagnostic test study included 52 patients fulfilling the clinical criteria of PID. Patients were recruited between October 1999 and August 2008. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The patients underwent a standardized transvaginal gray scale and Doppler ultrasound examination by one experienced sonologist (index test) before diagnostic laparoscopy by a laparoscopist blinded to the ultrasound results. The final diagnosis was determined by laparoscopy, histology of the endometrium and other histology where relevant (reference standard). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Of the 52 patients, 23 (44%) had a final diagnosis unrelated to genital infection, while the other 29 had cervicitis (n = 3), endometritis (n = 9) or salpingitis (n = 17; mild n = 4, moderate n = 8, severe, i.e. pyosalpinx n = 5). Bilateral adnexal masses and bilateral masses lying adjacent to the ovary were seen more often on ultrasound in patients with salpingitis than with other diagnoses (bilateral adnexal masses: 82 versus 17%, i.e. 14/17 versus 6/35, P = 0.000, positive likelihood ratio 4.8, negative li