Development of a toxicity bioassay system using Photobacterium sp. strain mie

In Malaysia there are about 180 river basins with about 5% of them severely polluted with toxicants. Current costs of instrument-based monitoring prevent regular toxicity monitoring of these polluted rivers. The global trend is using bioassays coupled with instrumental analysis that dramatically reduces the costs of monitoring. Toxicity bioassays using bioluminescent bacteria provide a rapid and sensitive method to monitor the presence of toxicants in the environment and are now globally accepted as the gold standard in environmental monitoring. Unfortunately, the most popular commercial bioassay system uses a bacterial strain that has a low (15oC) and narrow band of optimal working temperature which requires the use of a refrigerated water bath, preventing field work and near real time results. To solve this problem, a novel bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium sp. strain MIE has been isolated from Indian mackerel, (Rastrelliger kanagurta). The optimal condition for bioluminescence production of this bacterium occurs within a broad temperature range of 24 to 30°C, allowing for easier application in the field. Other optimal luminescence conditions are incubation at pH 5.5-7.5 with 30-50 g/L of tryptone as the nitrogen source, salinity with 15-20 g/L of sodium chloride and 4 g/L of glycerol as the sole carbon source. Experimental results showed that a bioassay system using this bacterium can be used to detect selected toxicants such as heavy metals, xenobiotics and solvents under a broad range of tropical temperature conditions. Photobacterium sp. strain MIE responded sensitively towards mercury, silver, copper, nickel, zinc and chromium with IC50 values (mg/L) of 0.05, 0.12, 0.85, 12.32, 18.72 and 26.02, respectively. In addition, this bacterium could be used to detect the xenobiotics paraformaldehyde, phenol red, cycloheximide, p-nitroaniline, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, ethanolamine and sodium dodecyl sulfate with IC50 values 20.70, 15.66, 351.40