Loss of Rate Capability in LiMn2O4 / Carbon Cells.

We present a survey of the available literature on the loss in rate capability of LiMn(2)O(4)-based lithium-ion batteries. Manganese dissolution is identified as the main cause of rate capability loss, as well as loss in during storage. Manganese dissolution capacity results in passivation of both the cathode and anode, structural changes at the spinel surface, and loss in particle contact. Manganese dissolution can be reduced by surface treatments, increased electrolyte stability, and removal of acidic protons from the electrolyte.