Reducing numerical diffusion effects with pycnocline filter

Numerical or artificial diffusion is the unintentional smoothing of gradients associated with the discretization of the transport equations. In lakes and reservoirs where through-flow is small, the effects of numerical diffusion of mass are cumulative, leading to a progressive weakening of vertical density stratification. This density field misrepresentation precludes accurate, long-term, three-dimensional (3D), hydrodynamic simulations on fixed grids in closed basins with an active thermocline. An ad hoc technique to limit the destratifying effects of numerical diffusion of mass is presented and tested for a 3D, hydrostatic, Z-coordinate numerical model. The technique quantifies the domain-integrated numerical diffusion by assessing the change in the background potential energy [E.sub.b]. At each time step, the change in [E.sub.b], associated with numerical diffusion is calculated, then removed using a sharpening filter applied to each water column. In idealized test cases, the filtering technique is effective in maintaining density stratification over one year while undergoing periodic, large-amplitude forcing by internal waves. Forty-day simulations of Lake Kinneret compared to field measurements demonstrate improved representation of density stratification using the filtering technique. CE Database keywords: Diffusion; Three-dimensional models; Lakes; Reservoirs; Numerical models.