Lydia Marie DeWitt and Mary Butler Kirkbride: Prototypical Circa-Early-1900s Women of Pathology and an Analysis of Their Contributions to the Discovery of Insulin

Context.--The year 2023 marks the centenary of the Nobel Prize honoring the discovery of insulin. Little-known experimental pathologists Lydia DeWitt, MD, at the University of Michigan and Mary Kirkbride, DSc [Hon], at Columbia University, both just beginning their academic careers, made independent contributions to the discovery that have never been critically examined. This happened at a time when it was exceedingly rare for women to work in pathology. Objective.--To explore the facilitative roles of DeWitt and Kirkbride in the discovery of insulin and to examine their trail-breaking careers in academic pathology. Design.--Available primary and secondary historical resources were reviewed. Results.--DeWitt made and tested pancreatic extracts from duct-ligated atrophic pancreas (ie, Frederick Banting's great idea to prevent digestion of its hypothetical internal secretion) 15 years before Banting; Banting was unaware of her work. His idea came from reading a paper by pathologist Moses Barron. Prior duct-ligation studies had sometimes been viewed with skepticism because histologic identification of islets in atrophic duct-ligated pancreata was imperfect; Kirkbride addressed this with histochemical staining, convincing Barron and, therefore, indirectly influencing and motivating Banting. The lives and convoluted careers of these 2 early-20th-century women are explored and compared with those of other contemporary women in pathology. A unifying pattern becomes clear: careers in experimental pathology and bacteriology were accepted but performing clinical work in anatomic pathology was not. Conclusions.--Both DeWitt and Kirkbride are prototypical early-20th-century women in academic pathology whose careers were constrained by gender. However, Kirkbride made a unique and unrecognized contribution to the discovery of insulin. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0060-HP
Lydia M. DeWitt, MD, and Mary B. Kirkbride, DSc, each published a sole-authored paper in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, one (1) in 1906 and the other (2) in 1912, [...]