Cocaine Seeking by Rats Is a Goal-Directed Action

In two experiments rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine on chained schedules using different responses in the initial (drug-seeking) and terminal (drug-taking) links. In both between (Experiment 1) and within-subject designs (Experiment 2), the drug-taking response was then either extinguished or reinforced in the absence of the opportunity to perform the seeking response. In a subsequent extinction test with the seeking manipulanda alone, the rate of drug seeking was reduced after the prior extinction of the associated taking response. An additional group trained with a sucrose reinforcer showed a comparable devaluation effect. These findings demonstrate that seeking responses for cocaine and food rewards are mediated by a representation of the contingency between seeking responses and the opportunity to take the reward.