Integrating the business networks and internet of things perspectives: A system of systems (SoS) approach for industrial markets .sup.1 1 Throughout this work we will use the term 'business network' that has been used first by B2B scholars to refer to the networked nature of markets. We nevertheless acknowledge that the B2B literature is increasingly adopting the term 'business ecosystem' (adapted to business context from biology by Moore (1993)). Often these terms are used interchangeably. This is our position in this paper (see also ; ). Sometimes differences are emphasized. For an in-depth review of the use of both concepts of ecosystems and networks in the B2B marketing literature see )

Keywords IIoT; B2B; A-R-A model; System of Systems (SoS); Smart farming Highlights * Traditional representations of business networks may not be adapted in IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) contexts. * In IIoT actors are not only humans or organizations. * In IIoT technologies are not necessarily resources. * A system of systems approach of business networks is introduced. * Impacts on new connections between actors, and value creation are discussed. Abstract In industrial business-to-business (B2B) markets, physical entities (such as products, machines, materials, or other objects) are increasingly connected among each other. This Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is quickly developing thanks to advances in fields such as information systems, factory digitalization, data sciences, robotics. Thus, industrial markets appear both as business networks - encompassing connections between individual or organizational actors -- and networks of connected things. The purpose of this research is to provide an integrative perspective that encompasses both types of networks. It seeks to contribute to the literature on industrial B2B markets in two ways. First, it proposes the system of systems (SoS) theory - which emphasizes diversity and autonomy of systems - as an integrative perspective. Second, it argues that this integrated perspective contributes to a new view on how resources are produced, combined, and used, and, therefore, on business network models. We discuss the implications for one of the most established models, the IMP Group's A-R-A model. Author Affiliation: (a) emlyon business school, 23, avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France (b) Chair professor of marketing, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Otto-Friedrich-University, Feldkirchenstrasse 21, 96045 Bamberg, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 10 March 2021; Revised 15 April 2022; Accepted 18 April 2022 (footnote)1 Throughout this work we will use the term 'business network' that has been used first by B2B scholars to refer to the networked nature of markets. We nevertheless acknowledge that the B2B literature is increasingly adopting the term 'business ecosystem' (adapted to business context from biology by Moore (1993)). Often these terms are used interchangeably. This is our position in this paper (see also ; ). Sometimes differences are emphasized. For an in-depth review of the use of both concepts of ecosystems and networks in the B2B marketing literature see ). Byline: Catherine Pardo [pardo@em-lyon.com] (a,*), Ruiqi Wei [wei@em-lyon.com] (a), Björn Sven Ivens [Bjoern.ivens@uni-bamberg.de] (b)