Test of unified picture of spin-dependent transport in perpendicular (CPP) giant magnetoresistance and bulk alloys

A study was conducted to determine a value of beta for a Ni97Cr3 alloy using spin valves based upon permalloy. The hybrid spin valves were deposited onto silicon substrates using mutitarget sputtering without breaking vacuum. Each spin valve was sandwiched between crossed niobium stripes to realize uniform current flow. Experimental results indicated an estimate that provides additional support for an approximate universality of values of beta.