Simulation of water networks containing controlling elements

Theoretical models for hydraulic network analysis often assume idealized pipe networks. Practical network packages, however, allow for a variety of necessary controlling elements. Sometimes these are introduced as generalized pipe elements, thus hiding the inherent discontinuous operation of nonreturn valves and pressure reduction valves. It is well known that the inclusion of such elements may cause numerical difficulties because of singularities. This paper presents an algorithm based on loop equations. It features a dynamic loop structure that is updated automatically according to the state of the controlling elements, It is shown that this provides a logical solution to the discontinuous operation of the controlling elements and also results in a highly efficient network simulation algorithm.