The modern slaves: specialized knowledge and democratic governance

This article examines widely held assumptions among scientific elites positing that there is an increasing discrepancy between those with specialized knowledge and laypersons, that governmental policy is increasingly shaped by scientific research and its practitioners, and that these trends pose a threat to representative democracy. This article asserts that modern liberal democratic societies are characterized by enabling structural changes that have expanded the forms of and means for citizen action, and simplified civil society's access to specialized knowledge. Keywords Specialized knowledge * Elites * Representative democracy
We begin our reflections about knowledge and democratic governance with a rather broad set of questions and claims: As Max Horkheimer emphasized--in contrast to Karl Marx--justice or equity and freedom [...]