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Metabolic syndrome: a brain disease

Authors :
Singh, Ram B.
Gupta, Siddharth
Dherange, Parinita
De Meester, Fabien
Wilczynska, Agnieszka
Alam, Shaan E.
Pella, Daniel
Wilson, Douglas W.
Source :
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. September 1, 2012, Vol. 90 Issue 9, p1171, 13 p.
Publication Year :
2012

Abstract

Recent research indicates an association between brain dysfunction and the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. To investigate this, we created a Medline search (up to December 2011) of articles in PubMed. The results indicated that refined carbohydrates, saturated and total fat, high levels of ω-6 fatty acids, and low levels of ω-3 fatty acids and other long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), all in conjunction with sedentary behaviour and mental stress can predispose to inflammation. Increased sympathetic activity, with increased secretion of catecholamine, cortisol, and serotonin can cause oxidative stress, which may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as the hypothalamus and macrophages, and the liver may release pro-inflammatory cytokines. These, in conjunction with an underlying deficiency in long chain PUFA, may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as neuropeptide-Y and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and insulin receptors in the brain, especially during fetal life, infancy, and childhood, resulting in their dysfunction. Of the fatty acids in the brain, 30%-50% are long chain PUFA, which are incorporated in the cell membrane phospholipids. Hence, m-3 fatty acids, which are also known to enhance parasympathetic activity and increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 as well as acetylcholine in the hippocampus, may be protective. Therefore, treatment with ω-3 fatty acids may be applied for the prevention of metabolic syndrome. Key words: hypothalamus, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, brain disease, diet, nutrition, ω-3 fatty acids, brain development, brain-heart connection, Mediterranean diet. La recherche recente indique qu'il existe une association entre la dysfonction cerebrale et la pathogenese du syndrome metabolique. Pour etudier ce, nous avons cree un recherche sur Medline jusqu'a decembre 2011 les articles publies sur PubMed. Les resultats ont montre que les sucres raffines, les gras satures et totaux, les acides gras ω-6 eleves et ω-3 faibles ainsi que les autres acides gras polyinsatures (AGP) a longue chaine, combines a la sedentarite et au stress peuvent predisposer a l'inflammation. Une activite sympathique accrue et une augmentation de la secretion de catecholamines, de cortisol et de serotonine peuvent causer un stress oxydant qui pourrait endommager le noyau arque de l'hypothalamus et les macrophages, ainsi qu' une liberation de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Tout ceci combine a une deficience sous-jacente en AGP a longue chaine peut endommager le noyau arque, les neurones a neuropeptide Y et a pro-opio-melanocortine et les recepteurs d'insuline du cerveau, notamment durant la vie faetale, la petite enfance et l'enfance, resultant en leur dysfonction. Trente a cinquante pourcent des acides gras du cerveau sont des AGP a longue chaine qui sont incorpores dans les phospholipides des membranes cellulaires. Donc, les acides gras ω-3, qui sont aussi connus pour augmenter l'activite parasympathique et accroitre la secretion de cytokines anti-inflammatoires IL-4 et IL-10 de meme que d'acetylcholine dans l'hippocampe, pourraient etre protecteurs. En consequence, un traitement aux acides gras ω-3 pourrait etre utilise pour prevenir le syndrome metabolique. Mots-cles : hypothalamus, intolerance au glucose, resistance a l'insuline, maladie cerebrale, diete, nutrition, acides gras ω-3, developpement du cerveau, connexion cerveau-caeur, diete mediterraneenne. [Traduit par la Redaction]<br />Introduction Nutritional deficiencies and overnutrition in the form of central obesity and overweight coexist in most of the developing countries (WHO Study Group 1990; Barker et al. 1993; Singh et [...]

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
00084212
Volume :
90
Issue :
9
Database :
Gale General OneFile
Journal :
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsgcl.302114017
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1139/Y2012-122