Shakedown approaches to rut depth prediction in low-volume roads

Rutting, due to permanent deformations of unbound materials, is one of the principal damage modes of low traffic pavements. Flexible pavement design methods remain empirical; they do not take into account the inelastic behavior of pavement materials and do not predict the rutting under cyclic loading. A finite-element program, based on the concept of the shakedown theory developed by Zarka for metallic structures under cyclic loadings, has been used to estimate the permanent deformations of unbound granular materials subjected to traffic loading. Based on repeated load triaxial tests, a general procedure has been developed for the determination of the material parameters of the constitutive model. Finally, the results of a finite-element modeling of the long-term behavior of a flexible pavement with the simplified method are presented and compared to the results of a full-scale flexible pavement experiment performed by Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees. Finally, the calculation of the rut depth evolution with time is carried out. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000165 CE Database subject headings: Elastoplasticity; Triaxial tests; Full-scale tests; Highways and roads; Predictions. Author keywords: Elastoplasticity; Elastic shakedown; Plastic shakedown; Repeated load triaxial tests; Full-scale experiment.