Occurrence of a quadruplex motif in a unique insert within exon C of the bovine estrogen receptor [alpha] gene (ESR1)

Biophysical studies have shown that the 22 base insert has led to the formation of a family of stable G-quadruplex structures that are unaffected by the single nucleotide (G/A) polymorphism. Mutations that destabilize the quadruplex have led to a 15-fold enhancement of translational efficiency, which has shown that a biological role of the insert in exon C of the bovine estrogen receptor [alpha] gene (bov-ESR1) is to regulate translation of the exon.