Embryonic inbreeding depression varies among populations and by mating system in Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae)

* Premise of the study: Embryonic inbreeding depression is a key influence on mating system evolution and can be difficult to estimate in self-incompatible species. A pollen chase experiment was used to estimate the magnitude of embryonic inbreeding depression in Costa Rican Witheringia solanacea, a species polymorphic for self-incompatibility (SI). In a pollen chase experiment, bud self-pollinations are followed after anthesis by outcross pollinations, with a comparable pair of outcross pollinations used as a control. Lowered seed set for the self-precedence treatment indicates embryonic inbreeding depression. * Methods: Embryonic inbreeding depression was assayed for self-compatible (SC) individuals and for SI plants from two populations that differ quantitatively in the onset and enzymatic activity of their SI response. Microsatellite markers were used to assay the selfing rate of a sample of surviving progeny from the prior self-pollination treatment. * Key results: SC individuals showed no evidence of embryonic inbreeding depression. In SI plants, prior self- pollination reduced seed number by 28-70%, depending on population. Microsatellite genotyping revealed that embryonic inbreeding depression was even more severe than estimated by the phenotypic data: for mature fruits resulting from self- pollination precedence, the majority of the progeny were the result of outcross fertilization. * Conclusions: Lineage-specific purging of recessive lethals has accompanied the evolution of SC in this species. SI populations show contrasting levels of embryonic inbreeding depression, with nearly complete embryonic lethality upon selfing in the Monteverde population. In the lace of high embryonic inbreeding depression, an increase in selling rate can evidently occur only under severe pollen limitation. Key words: Costa Rica: embryonic inbreeding depression; evolution; mating system: self-compatibility: self- incompatibility; Solanaceae; Witheringia solanacea. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1000020