Ku- and C-band SAR for discriminating agricultural crop and soil conditions

A method is proposed to estimate both green leaf area index (GLAI) and soil moisture ([h.sub.v]), based on radar measurements at the Ku-band (14.85 GHz) and C-band (5.35 GHz) frequencies. The Ku-band backscatter at large incidence angles was found to be independent of soil moisture conditions and could be used alone to estimate GLAI. Then, the Ku-band estimate of GLAI could be used with a measurement of C-band backscatter in a canopy radiative transfer model to isolate the value of [h.sub.v]. This concept was demonstrated with a set of Ku- and C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter data acquired over agricultural fields in Arizona. The demonstration showed promise for operational application of the method, though several limitations were identified. Since both Ku- and C-band [Sigma] [degrees] are sensitive to soil roughness, this approach must be applied only to fields of similar soil roughness or row direction. This limitation may be less serious for farm management applications since crop type and cultivation practices are generally well known and can be taken into consideration. Another limitation of the use of Ku- and C-band [Sigma] [degrees] is the apparent saturation of the Ku-band signal with increasing GLAI. Operational implementation of this approach will require dual-frequency sensors aboard an aircraft or orbiting satellite. Index Terms - Agriculture, airborne radar, radar applications, radar imaging/mapping, remote sensing, satellite applications, soil measurements, synthetic aperture radar, vegetation.