'The Kaiser's Spy': Max von Oppenheim and the Anglo-German rivalry before and during the First World War

German-Jewish archaeologist and spy Max Freiherr von Oppenheim's activities in the Middle East during World War I helped in shaping British and German policy towards the Middle East. Oppenheim organized pan-Islamic activities aimed at inciting a jihad or holy war against the British empire. Thus, he was reported by British agents as a major threat to British influence in Egypt which resulted in a dramatic change in British Egyptian policy. He even contributed to the fierce rivalry between UK and Germany at the time.