Real-time imaging of single-molecule fluorescence with a zero-mode waveguide for the analysis of protein-protein interaction

Real-time imaging of single-molecule fluorescence with a zero-mode waveguide (ZMW) was achieved. With modification of the ZMW geometry, the signal-to-background ratio is twice that obtainable with a conventional ZMW. The improved signal-to-background ratio makes it possible to visualize individual binding--release events between chaperonin GroEL and cochaperonin GroES at a concentration of 5 [micro]M. Two rate constants representing two-timer kinetics in the release of GroES from GroEL were measured with the ZMW, and the measurements agreed well with those made with a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. These results indicate that the novel ZMW makes feasible the direct observation of protein--protein interaction at an intracellular concentration in real time.