Galileo Doppler measurements of the deep zonal winds at Jupiter

Changes in the speed of the Galileo probe caused by zonal winds created a small but measurable Doppler effect in the probe relay carrier frequency. Analysis of the probe relay link frequency allows direct measurements of the speed of Jupiter's zonal winds beneath the cloud tops. The deep winds were prograde and strong, reaching a sustained 190 to 200 meters per second at an attitude marked by a pressure of 24 bars. The depth and strength of the zonal winds severely constrain dynamic modeling of the deeper layers and begin to rule out many shallow weather theories.
Direct measurements of planetary winds during earlier missions provide an impressive legacy for the Galileo Doppler wind experiment. The Pioneer, Venera, and Vega missions to Venus used a combination of [...]