Correlating molecular orientation distributions and electrochemical kinetics in subpopulations of an immobilized protein film

Polarized potential modulated attenuated total reflectance (PM-ATR) is used for obtaining two electron transfer rate constant ([k.sup.0]) values assigned to differently oriented subpopulations of cytochrome c (cyt c) molecules in an adsorbed film. The results have correlated a distribution of molecular orientations with a distribution of electron transfer rate constants in a redox-active molecular film.