Applying low-voltage circuit breakers in direct current systems

Low-voltage, direct current equipment in utility control systems, uninterruptible power systems (UPS), telecommunication systems, and elsewhere has received increasing attention in recent years. Power conditioning needs are one reason. Closer attention by regulatory agencies is another. This paper is intended to help fill a gap in available material on ratings and application characteristics of low-voltage circuit breakers in dc systems. Some of this material is prepared for use by the IEEE Battery Protection Working Group in developing a Guide for Protection of Stationary Battery Systems under project P1375.