Palladium nanoparticles as efficient green homogeneous and heterogeneous carbon-carbon coupling precatalysts: A unifying view

The Pd catalysis of C-C bond formation is explored from the angle of nanoparticles (NPs) to determine whether they are homogeneous or heterogeneous precatalysts and whether they are intentionally preformed or generated from a Pd derivative such as Pd[(OAc).sub.2]. The Pd-catalyzed C-C bond-forming reactions proceed at high temperatures with the formation of Pd nanoparticle (NP) intermediates that leach catalytically active Pd atoms whether the Pd source is molecular or heterogeneous.