The psychopathology of drug addiction: a review

The psychopathology of drug addiction is reviewed. Empirical research data on a time span of more than twelve years are presented. The data support a four-type-based classification of drug abusers, and the family structure underlining such personality types is analyzed. Clinical cases are presented. Type A addicts (adjustment disorders) present an evident relation between the external event, psychic trauma, and drug-abusing behavior. Type B (neurotic disorders) have a tendency to reduce internal anxiety by drug abuse, and their personal problems may be covered by drug use. Type C (psychosis and borderline) are a heterogeneous group, where often drug use can create an intense experience of inner freedom. Type D (sociopathic personality disorders) often express their psychic conflicts by means of serious acting-out, and come from families were 'nonexistent' marriages were established. Intervention in public health services is examined, as well as the evolution of the addiction depending on the typology. The special cases of information on HIV infection prevention and overdose risk are also evaluated. It is concluded that the typology of drug addicts may shed light on prevention and therapy, whereas more specific therapeutic programs are needed.