The nature and limits of the sub-Saharan African AIDS epidemic: evidence from geographic and other patterns

Studies on Kenyan and Ugandan populations reveal that absence of male circumcision increases the risk of genital ulcer disease and HIV/AIDS. The abnormally large male surplus urban societies and their network with prostitutes provide a core group for AIDS spreading. The reduced commercial sex in rural areas reflects traditional sexual confinement to marriage and reduced incidence of commercial sex. The disease spreads within the core community rather than outside the group.