Wind tunnel modeling of atmospheric emissions from agricultural burning: influence of operating configuration on flame structure and particle emission factor for a spreading-type fire

A wind tunnel technique employing different operating configurations was developed to model controlled agricultural burning conditions to allow for the determination of emission factors and flame structure. The correlation between the operating configuration and total suspended particulate (TSP) matter emissions and flame structure was determined. Average emission factors for TSP matter varied from 0.505% to 0.727% for the four tunnel configurations. Flame structure was analyzed via local temperature measurements, gas concentrations and soot volumes.