The powerful microbubble: from bench to bedside, from intravascular indicator to therapeutic delivery system, and beyond

The powerful microbubble: from bench to bedside, from intravascular indicator to therapeutic deliver system, and beyond. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287; H450 H457, 2004; 10.1152/ajpheart.00134.2004.--This review discusses the development, current applications, and therapeutic potential of ultrasound contrast agents. Microbubbles containing gases act as true, intravascular indicators, permitting a noninvasive, quantitative analysis of the spatial and tem- poral heterogeneity of blood flow and volumes within the microvasculature. These shelled microbubbles are near-perfect reflectors of acoustic ultrasound energy and. when injected intravenously into the bloodstream, reflect ultrasound waves within the capillaries without disrupting the local environment. Accordingly, microbubble ultrasound contrast agents are clinically useful in enhancing ultrasound images and improving the accuracy of diagnoses. More recently, ultrasound contrast agents have been used to directly visualize the vasa vasorum and neovascularization of atherosclerotic carotid artery plaques, thus suggesting a new paradigm for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Future applications of these microscopic agents include the deliver of site-specific therapy to targeted organs in the body. Medical therapies may use these microbubbles as carriers for newer therapeutic options.