Heart and head defects in mice lacking pairs of connexins

Gene ablation studies in mice have revealed roles for gap junction proteins (connexins) in heart development. Of the 20 connexins in vertebrates, four are expressed in developing heart: connexin37 (Cx37), connexin40 (Cx40), connexin43 (Cx43), and connexin45 (Cx45). Although each cardiac connexin has a different pattern of expression, some heart cells coexpress multiple connexins during cardiac morphogenesis. Since different connexins could have overlapping functions, some developmental phenotypes may only become evident when more than one connexin is ablated. In this study, we interbred Cx[40.sup.-/-] and Cx[43.sup.-/-] mice to generate mice lacking both Cx[40.sup.-/-] and Cx[43.sup.-/-]. Cx[40.sup.-/-] Cx[43.sup.-/-] mice die around embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5), much earlier than either Cx[40.sup.-/-] or Cx[43.sup.-/-] mice, and they exhibit malformed hearts with ventricles that are abnormally rotated, suggesting a looping defect. Some Cx[40.sup.-/-] Cx[43.sup.-/-] animals also develop head defects characteristic of exencephaly. In addition, we examined mice lacking both Cx40 and Cx37 and found a high incidence of atrial and ventricular septal defects at birth. These results provide further evidence for the importance of gap junctions in embryonic development. Moreover, ablating different pairs of cardiac connexins results in distinct heart defects, suggesting both common and unique functions for Cx40, Cx43, and Cx37 during cardiac morphogenesis. Keywords: Connexin: Cx37: Cx40: Cx43; Gap junction; Intercellular communication; Cardiac development; Cardiac malformation; Exencephaly