Menstrual cycle, beta-endorphins, and pain sensitivity in premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Research indicates that there may be relevance of endogenous opioids on the pathophysiology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and that the pain sensitivity of PMDD may be modulated by hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Data show that resting cortisol and beta-endorphin levels are low in PMDD women, who also exhibit shorter pain threshold and tolerance and greater pain unpleasantness during pain.